The dry-mix method involves placing the dry shotcrete cement into a hopper and then conveying it pneumatically through a hose to the nozzle. The nozzle operator then controls the correct addition of water before the mixture hits the receiving surface. This requires a skilled nozzleman, especially in the case of thick or heavily reinforced sections. Advantages of the dry-mix process are that the water content can be adjusted instantaneously, allowing more effective placement in overhead and vertical applications without using accelerators. The dry-mix process is useful in repair applications when frequent stops are necessary and the dry material is easily discharged from the hose. Gunite was originally a trademarked name that specifically referred to the dry-mix pneumatic cement application process.